Mountains in Nahj al-Balāghah with a Perspective on Geological Findings

Nahj al-Balāghah contains several sermons that employ diverse rhetorical treatments of mountain imagery to direct human contemplation toward the singular and omnipotent Creator. Geologists and earth science researchers assert that mountains have formed and evolved over long geological periods. Orogeny in the Earth's crust occurs as a result of processes such as subduction at active continental margins, folding of rock layers, or due to the intrusion of molten magma from the underlying molten magmatic layer, leading to various mountain formations, including volcanoes. Analyzing the references to mountains and their descriptions in these sermons reveals that these scientific insights align with well-established geological concepts such as plate tectonics, isostasy, the deep-rooted nature of mountains, their internal structure, their role in stabilizing the Earth's movements, and their environmental benefits. This coherence not only confirms the harmony between these statements and modern geological findings but also reinforces the divine origin of these words.